Michael Robert Marrus, CM FRSC (born February 3, 1941) is a Canadian historian of the Holocaust, France, and Jewish history. He is the author of five books on the. Extracts from this document. To what extent was Hitler Solely responsible for the Holocaust? While undeniable the holocaust will forever remain as one. The Holocaust - Wikipedia. The Holocaust. Part of World War IILocation. Nazi Germany and German- occupied territories. Date. 19. 41. Some definitions of the Holocaust include the additional five million non- Jewish victims of Nazi mass murders, bringing the total to about 1. Killings took place throughout Nazi Germany, German- occupied territories and territories held by allies of Nazi Germany. From 1. 94. 1 to 1. Jews were systematically murdered in one of the deadliest genocides in history, which was part of a broader aggregate of acts of oppression and killings of various ethnic and political groups in Europe by the Nazi regime. Other victims of Nazi crimes included ethnic Poles, Soviet citizens and Soviet POWs, other Slavs, Romanis, communists, homosexuals, Freemasons, Jehovah's Witnesses and the mentally and physically disabled. Initially the German government passed laws to exclude Jews from civil society, most prominently the Nuremberg Laws of 1. Nazis established a network of concentration camps starting in 1. World War II in 1. In 1. 94. 1, as Germany conquered new territory in eastern Europe, specialized paramilitary units called Einsatzgruppen murdered around two million Jews, partisans, and others often in mass shootings.
By the end of 1. 94. This continued until the end of World War II in Europe in April. The most notable exception was the Warsaw Ghetto uprising of 1. Jewish fighters held the Waffen- SS at bay for four weeks. Over a hundred armed Jewish uprisings took place. The English poet John Milton had used the word to denote a conflagration in his 1. Samson Agonistes and the word gradually developed to mean a massacre thereon. Parish churches and the Interior Ministry supplied birth records showing who was Jewish; the Post Office delivered the deportation and denaturalization orders; the Finance Ministry confiscated Jewish property; German firms fired Jewish workers and disenfranchised Jewish stockholders. The universities refused to admit Jews, denied degrees to those already studying, and fired Jewish academics; government transport offices arranged the trains for deportation to the camps; German pharmaceutical companies tested drugs on camp prisoners; companies bid for the contracts to build the crematoria; detailed lists of victims were drawn up using the Dehomag (IBM Germany) company's punch card machines, producing meticulous records of the killings. As prisoners entered the death camps, they were made to surrender all personal property, which was catalogued and tagged before being sent to Germany to be reused or recycled. Berenbaum writes that the Final Solution of the Jewish question was . Germany's greatest achievement. He writes that some Christian churches declared that converted Jews should be regarded as part of the flock, but even then only up to a point. Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer argues: The basic motivation . No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology. About five million Jews were killed there, including three million in occupied Poland and over one million in the Soviet Union. Hundreds of thousands also died in the Netherlands, France, Belgium, Yugoslavia, and Greece. The Wannsee Protocol makes it clear the Nazis intended to carry their . The Nazis envisioned the extermination of the Jews worldwide, not only in Germany proper. These were established at Auschwitz, Belzec, Che. They were built for the systematic killing of millions, primarily by gassing, but also by execution and extreme work under starvation conditions. Stationary facilities built for the purpose of mass extermination resulted from earlier Nazi experimentation with poison gas during the secret Action T4 euthanasia programme against mental patients. According to Raul Hilberg, . His experiments included placing subjects in pressure chambers, testing drugs on them, freezing them, attempting to change eye color by injecting chemicals into children's eyes, and amputations and other surgeries. He would bring them sweets and toys and personally take them to the gas chamber. One day, Mengele took them away. When they returned, they were in a terrible state: they had been sewn together, back to back, like Siamese twins. Their wounds were infected and oozing pus. They screamed day and night. The movement presented a pseudo- scientific, biologically based racism that viewed Jews as a race locked in mortal combat with the Aryan race for world domination. In almost all contemporary nations, therefore. Class also urged that Jews should be excluded from all aspects of German life, forbidden to own land, hold public office, or participate in journalism, banking, and the liberal professions. Class defined a Jew as anyone who was a member of the Jewish religion on the day the German Empire was proclaimed in 1. Jewish grandparent. The first medical experimentation on humans and ethnic cleansing by Germans took place in the death camps of German South- West Africa during the Herero and Namaqua Genocide. It has been suggested that this was an inspiration for the Holocaust. The National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party; NSDAP) was founded in 1. In a 1. 98. 6 essay, German historian Hans Mommsen wrote about the situation in post. Many of these found their way to the NSDAP from the Deutschv. At the same time a racist, social Darwinist, and eugenicist world- view which declared some people to be more biologically valuable than others was common. Historian Detlev Peukert states that the Shoah did not result solely from antisemitism, but was a product of the . After the First World War, the pre- war mood of optimism gave way to disillusionment as German bureaucrats found social problems to be more insoluble than previously thought, which in turn led them to place increasing emphasis on saving the biologically . Here they are outside Israel's Department Store in Berlin. Kauft nicht bei Juden! Many Germans did not accept that their country had been defeated in battle, giving rise to the Stab- in- the- back myth. The myth insinuated that it was disloyal politicians, chiefly Jews and Communists, who orchestrated Germany's surrender. Inflaming the anti- Jewish sentiment espoused by the myth was the apparent overrepresentation of ethnic Jews in the leadership of Communist revolutionary governments in Europe, among them Russian Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, and in Germany itself Ernst Toller as head of a short lived revolutionary government in Bavaria, contributing to the canard of Jewish Bolshevism. By the time the Nazis came to power in 1. German social policy to save the racially . Although the origin and first expression of Hitler's anti- Semitism remain a matter of debate. Hitler states in Mein Kampf that he first became an anti- Semite in Vienna. In Mein Kampf, he announced his intention of removing them from Germany's political, intellectual, and cultural life. From the early 1. Hitler linked the Jews with bacteria and that they should be dealt with in exactly the same way; in August 1. Hitler believed the Jewish Question was not only a problem for the German people but for all peoples as . As soon as I have the power to do so, I will have gallows built in rows. Then the Jews will be hanged indiscriminately, and they will remain hanging until they stink; they will hang there as long as the principles of hygiene permit. As soon as they have been untied, the next batch will be strung up, and so on down the line, until the last Jew in Munich has been exterminated. Other cities will follow suit, precisely in this fashion, until all Germany has been completely cleansed of Jews. As early as 1. 93. Julius Streicher was calling for the extermination of the Jews in the Nazi newspaper Der St. During the war, Streicher regularly authorized articles demanding the annihilation of the Jewish race. Mommsen suggested there were three types of antisemitism in Germany: 1) the cultural antisemitism found among German conservatives, especially in the military officer corps as well as in the top members of the civil administration; 2) the . The cultural antisemitism kept the ruling establishment from distancing itself or opposing the violent, racial antisemitism of the Nazis, and religious antisemitism meant that the religious establishment did not present opposition to racial persecution of the Jews. Nazi policies divided the population into two categories, the Volksgenossen (. Nazi policies about repression divided people into three types of enemies, the . They were put on a flight to Warsaw. Peukert quotes policy documents on the . With the co- operation of local authorities, they set up concentration camps for extrajudicial imprisonment of their opponents. One of the first, at Dachau, opened on 9 March 1. Initially the camp primarily contained Communists and Social Democrats. The initial purpose of the camps was to serve as a deterrent by terrorizing those Germans who did not conform to the Volksgemeinschaft. Those sent to the camps included the . The Israeli historian Saul Friedl. In 1. 93. 3, the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service was passed which excluded all Jews and other . All persons in the civil service had to obtain an Ariernachweis (Aryan certificate) in order to prove their Aryan ancestry. The first antisemitic law passed in the Third Reich; the Physicians' Law; and the Farm Law, forbidding Jews from owning farms or taking part in agriculture. Jewish lawyers were disbarred, and in Dresden, Jewish lawyers and judges were dragged out of their offices and courtrooms and beaten. At the insistence of President Paul von Hindenburg, Hitler added an exemption allowing Jewish civil servants who were veterans of the First World War or whose fathers or sons had served, to remain in office, but he revoked this exemption in 1. Hindenburg's death.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
Details
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |